Advancements in Diagnosing and Treating Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Implications for Active Individuals and Athletes

Abstract

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) presents a complex challenge in the realm of breast health, particularly for non-lactating women, characterized by lumps, abscesses, and discomfort. While its etiology remains elusive, current research explores associations with autoimmune reactions, bacterial infections, and endocrine disorders, notably secondary hyperprolactinemia induced by certain medications or pituitary microadenomas. Notably, autoimmune inflammation and delayed hypersensitivity reactions are central to its pathogenesis. Diagnostic criteria rely on a combination of imaging, lab tests, and histopathology, with the latter serving as the gold standard. Treatment approaches vary widely, encompassing surgical intervention, antimicrobial therapy, immunomodulation, hormonal interventions, and traditional Chinese medicine. Often, a multifaceted approach combining different modalities is adopted. This review synthesizes recent advancements in epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of IGM, emphasizing their implications for active individuals and athletes.