Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a sports medicine team-based nursing model on self-care, medication compliance, and quality of life among athletes with chronic diseases. Methods: Between September 2021 and August 2022, 200 athletes with chronic conditions receiving treatment at our sports medicine facility were randomly assigned into a control group (N=100) and an observation group (N=100). The control group received routine care, while the observation group benefited from an integrated team-based approach involving doctors, nurses, and other healthcare specialists. We measured changes using the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCA), self-management ability scale, and the Health-related Quality of Life Scale (SF-36) before and after the intervention. Additionally, medication compliance and satisfaction with care were assessed. Results: Post-care, both groups showed significant improvements in self-health awareness, self-care skills, self-concept, and self-responsibility (P < 0.05), with the observation group demonstrating substantially greater enhancements (P < 0.001). Medication compliance in the observation group reached 94.00%, significantly surpassing the control group's 74.00% (P < 0.001). Furthermore, comprehensive scores for disease knowledge, symptom management, daily life management, and overall self-management improved significantly post-care (P < 0.05), with the observation group showing marked superiority (P < 0.001). Similarly, all SF-36 domains, including physical function, role physical, pain, mental health, social function, vitality, emotional function, and overall SF-36 scores, improved significantly, with the observation group outperforming the control (P < 0.001). The observation group's satisfaction rate was 97.00%, higher than the control's 90.00% (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The sports medicine team-based nursing model significantly enhances self-care, medication compliance, and quality of life for athletes with chronic diseases. This approach not only fosters better health outcomes but also strengthens the athlete-patient relationship, indicating its substantial potential for broader clinical application in sports medicine.